The Roman Empire split into Eastern and Western Rome so were easily destroyed by the Goths, Franks, Huns and Vandals.
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A city charter or town charter (generically, municipal charter) is a legal document (charter) establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages.
Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system. Townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often "free", in the sense that they were directly protected by the king or emperor, and were not part of a feudal fief.
Today the process for granting is determined by the type of government of the state in question. In monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the lower level of government such as province.
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The French and Indian War began over the specific issue of whether the upper Ohio River valley was a part of the British Empire, and therefore open for trade and settlement by Virginians and Pennsylvanians, or part of the French Empire.
By the time of the California Gold Rush in 1849, overland trails had already been blazed westward and after the Civil War, the Homestead Act was passed in 1862, which sent thousands more settlers westward. During these years, Native American tribes were made to move from their lands, causing a number of Indian wars.
It is absolutely true that the Boxer Rebellion led to an increase in Chinese nationalism. This rebellion was basically a rebellion against the foreigners influence and the influence of Christianity in China. This rebellion took place during the end of the Qing Dynasty between the years 1899 and 1901. The rebellion took place under the background of severe drought.
