C. High energy electrons pump hydrogen ions against the concentration gradient. The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation. This is why you breathe oxygen. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts the electrons and picks up protons to form water. The electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria, which has a double plasma membrane. The electrons are passed along proteins, or cytochromes, in the inner membrane. Each time an electron is passed, it pumps a hydrogen ion, or proton, into the the intermembrane space, or the space between the two membranes. At the end of the electron transport chain is an ATP synthase. The ATP synthase pumps the hydrogen back in, and the electron attaches to an oxygen along with the hydrogen, making water. The energy is transferred to an ADP, which becomes an ATP when it uses the energy to add a phosphate.
Recently created volcanic island because recently burned forest would be secondary succession
D - Noble Gases im pretty sure
<span>Policies to effectively reduce deforestation are discussed within a land rent (von Thünen) framework. The first set of policies attempts to reduce the rent of extensive agriculture, either by neglecting extension, marketing, and infrastructure, generating alternative income opportunities, stimulating intensive agricultural production or by reforming land tenure. The second set aims to increase either extractive or protective forest rent and—more importantly—create institutions (community forest management) or markets (payment for environmental services) that enable land users to capture a larger share of the protective forest rent. The third set aims to limit forest conversion directly by establishing protected areas. Many of these policy options present local win–lose scenarios between forest conservation and agricultural production. Local yield increases tend to stimulate agricultural encroachment, contrary to the logic of the global food equation that suggests yield increases take pressure off forests. At national and global scales, however, policy makers are presented with a more pleasant scenario. Agricultural production in developing countries has increased by 3.3–3.4% annually over the last 2 decades, whereas gross deforestation has increased agricultural area by only 0.3%, suggesting a minor role of forest conversion in overall agricultural production. A spatial delinking of remaining forests and intensive production areas should also help reconcile conservation and production goals in the future.
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