The number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell is called a karyotype.
Sex chromosomes are placed as the last pair of chromosomes.
Karyotype analysis can reveal abnormalities, such as missing chromosomes, extra chromosomes, deletions, duplications, and translocations.
Answer:
C3 plants would have faster growth rates; C4 plants would be minimally affected.
Explanation:
C3 and C4 pathways are the variations of dark reactions of photosynthesis present in green plants. The photosynthetic efficiency of C3 plants is reduced due to the affinity of RuBisCo enzyme for oxygen which in turn leads to the futile pathway of photorespiration. RuBisCo enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction of the C3 pathway. On the other hand, the C4 plants concentrate CO2 around RuBisCo in their bundle sheath cells of leaves to minimize photorespiration and exhibit higher rates of photosynthesis.
Increased levels of atmospheric CO2 would reduce the photorespiration in C3 plants and would allow them to fix CO2 efficiently due to the increased concentration of CO2 around the enzyme RuBisCo. The increased photosynthetic efficiency would help these plants to exhibit faster growth rates.
However, the photosynthetic rate of C4 plants is not limited by CO2 concentration as they themselves reduce photorespiration by spatial separation of primary carboxylation in mesophyll cell and CO2 fixation in bundle sheath cells. Hence, increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere would not have any impact on their photosynthetic rate and growth.
Monosaccharide, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are the three major categories of molecules in Carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides, known as simple sugar, is the simplest form of carbohydrates. Its basic molecular formula is CH2O. Monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Its primary function is to be the source of energy of living organisms. It is also the primary requirement for the formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are bonded together through a covalent bond. Common Dissaccharides are sucrose (glucose+fructose) or table sugar, maltose (glucose+glucose), and lactose (glucose+galactose). Its primary function is to provide nutrition for monosaccharides. Sugar in food is mostly dissaccharides.
Polysaccharides are formed when another monosaccharides is bonded to the disaccharides. This bond is called glycosidic bond. Two major polysaccharides are starch and glycogen. Starch is made by plants while glycogen is made by animals. Polysaccharides' major function is to immediately release energy from its storage. When glucose is consumed, some of them are stored and will only be released when the body needs it to satisfy the body's immediate need of energy.
Ca+2 , the plus 2 indicates the loss of 2 electrons
