In the case of the muscular cramps, the muscle contraction starts with the generation of the action potentials from the brain. The action potential causes the release of the calcium ions movement out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (storage site of calcium). The calcium released in this process causes the contraction of the myofibrils with the help of the ATP molecules. Meanwhile, the calcium is pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the fast calcium pumps.
The contraction of one muscle cell generate the action potential in neighboring muscle cells. When the generation of the action potential is stopped, the sarcoplasmic reticulum relaxes as well as the muscle is relaxed. The fast calcium pump is powered by a sodium gradient, and the calcium influx is a result of fast outflux of the sodium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
In case, the sodium ion is less, the calcium pumps cannot be powered, the calcium ion would remain in myofibril, as a result, the muscle would be contracted for a longer time and this result in cramps. The muscle in this case, would be relaxed by the ATP instead of sodium gradient. So, it can be concluded that the muscle cramps are caused when the muscles are not able to relax properly.
Answer:
a. DNA replication proceeds in a 5' to 3' direction in the new DNA molecule and in the opposite direction in the original
c. Each new DNA molecule contains an original strand and a newly synthesized strand.
Explanation:
DNA replication is an important process every cell must undergo prior to division. DNA replication is the process whereby DNA content is doubled. It occurs as a result of an enzyme called DNA polymerase, which synthesizes nucleotides.
DNA replication follows the semi-conservative model which uses one original DNA strand to synthesize a new DNA strand. The double-stranded DNA is separated into two single strands which serve as template for new strands. Due to the action of DNA polymerase, DNA replication proceeds in a 5' to 3' direction in the new DNA molecule and in the opposite direction in the original.
Also, each newly synthesized DNA molecule which is similar to one another contains an original strand (template) and a newly synthesized strand.
Yes because you're only cutting it, it's not changing the atomic make up if in anyway.
Answer:
it will be 10Hz ,because number of waves per second is 10 so we divide with 1second
Sorry I got it wrong on my test
