- A DNA strand can act as a template for synthesis of a new nucleic acid strand in which each base forms a hydrogen-bonded pair with one on the template strand (G with C, A with T, or A with U for RNA molecules). The new sequence is thus complementary to the template strand. The copying of DNA molecules to produce more DNA is known as DNA Replication.
-DNA replication takes place at a Y-shaped structure called a replication fork. A self-correcting DNA polymerase enzyme catalyzes nucleotide polymerization in a 5ʹ-to-3ʹ direction, copying a DNA template strand with remarkable fidelity. Since the two strands of a DNA double helix are antiparallel, this 5ʹ-to-3ʹ DNA synthesis can take place continuously on only one of the strands at a replication fork (the leading strand).
-On the lagging strand, short DNA fragments must be made by a “backstitching” process. Because the self-correcting DNA polymerase cannot start a new chain, these lagging-strand DNA fragments are primed by short RNA primer molecules that are subsequently erased and replaced with DNA.
-DNA replication requires the cooperation of many proteins. These include:
*DNA polymerase and DNA primase to catalyze nucleoside triphosphate polymerization; *DNA helicases and single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins to help in opening up the DNA helix so that it can be copied; *DNA ligase and an enzyme that degrades *RNA primers to seal together the discontinuously synthesized laggingstrand DNA fragments; *DNA topoisomerases to help to relieve helical winding and DNA tangling problems. *Many of these proteins associate with each other at a replication fork to form a highly efficient “replication machine,” through which the activities and spatial movements of the individual components are coordinated.
Major steps involved in DNA replication are as follows:
*Each strand in a parental duplex DNA acts as a template for synthesis of a daughter strand and remains basepaired to the new strand, forming a daughter duplex (semiconservative mechanism). *New strands are formed in the 5′ to 3′ direction. *Replication begins at a sequence called an origin. *Each eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecule contains multiple replication origins. *DNA polymerases, unlike RNA polymerases, cannot unwind the strands of duplex DNA and cannot initiate synthesis of new strands complementary to the template strands. *Helicases use energy from ATP hydrolysis to separate the parental (template) DNA strands. *Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which remains base-paired to the template DNA. *This initially is extended at the 3′ end by DNA polymerase α (Pol α), resulting in a short (5′ )RNA- (3′)DNA daughter strand. *Most of the DNA in eukaryotic cells is synthesized by Pol ẟ, which takes over from Pol α and continues elongation of the daughter strand in the 5′ to 3’direction. *Pol ẟ remains stably associated with the template by binding to Rfc protein, which in turn binds to PCNA, a trimeric protein that encircles the daughter duplex DNA. *DNA replication generally occurs by a bidirectional mechanism in which two replication forks form at an origin and move in opposite directions, with both template strands being copied at each fork. *Synthesis of eukaryotic DNA in vivo is regulated by controlling the activity of the MCM helicases that initiate DNA replication at multiple origins spaced along chromosomal DNA. *At a replication fork, one daughter strand (the leading strand) is elongated continuously. *The other daughter strand (the lagging strand) is formed as a series of discontinuous Okazaki fragments from primers synthesized every few hundred nucleotides. *The ribonucleotides at the 5′ end of each Okazaki fragment are removed and replaced by elongation of the 3′ end of the next Okazaki fragment. *Finally, adjacent Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase.
A. No because -2*-3=6 B. No because if you plug in 5 it will be 1-2(5) which equals -9 C. No because when you plug in -4 it will be 4+6(-4) which equals to -20
