Answer:
This question appears incomplete but The correct option is the last option
Explanation:
Cell membranes are made up of a lipid/phospholipid bilayer in which each layer consists of an hydrophilic head (water loving) and a hydrophobic tail (water fearing). The hydrophobic tail of each layer is oriented inward and the hydrophilic heads are oriented outward so the cell can interact with water molecules inside (the cytoplasm) and outside the cell environment. This orientation forms a critical part of the function of the cell membrane that makes it a selectively permeable barrier that regulates what goes in and out of the cell.
Astrocytes are a group of cells with functional characteristics and distinctive morphological that vary within specific areas of the brain.
For healthy brain function, astrocytes are essential. those become reactive in the case of Alzheimer's disease, which impacts the signaling properties. while experimenting, there was the measurement for instinctive calcium transients ex vivo in hippocampal astrocytes in brain slices containing the dentate gyrus of 9-month-old and 6-month-old APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice. when they investigated the duration of calcium transients and frequency concerning amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, the proximity of the astrocyte to Aβ plaques, and aging. there was no change in spontaneous calcium-transient properties of 6M APP/PS1 astrocytes compared to wild-type astrocytes, whereas there was hyperactivity in 9M APP/PS1 astrocytes compared to wild -type, which were longer in duration, also there was an effect of aging too, there was an increase in calcium in the 9-month astrocytes than to the 6-month astrocytes, also there was an increase in the calcium waves in the 9-month astrocytes because of the increase network activity. The findings were that the change in calcium signaling in individual astrocytes of APP/PS1 mice is because of both pathology and aging but these don't have any impact on changes in the astrocyte network activity, which leads to helping to understand changes in neuronal physiology.
To know more about neuronal physiology refer to the link brainly.com/question/17060419?referrer=searchResults.
#SPJ4
Answer:
All the different kinds of animals in a zoo would be a community. All of the gorillas in the zoo would be a population.
(Does that make sense to you?)
Explanation:
Community- multiple different species in a place.
Population- a single species in a place.
I'm sorry, but the way you spelled population has me crying XDD
Have a nice day! :)))
The ones you are missing are all covalent
