After graduating with honours from St. Paul (now William Mitchell) College of Law in 1931, Burger joined a prominent St. Paul law firm and gradually became active in Republican Party politics. In 1953 he was appointed an assistant U.S. attorney general, and in 1955 he was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Burger’s generally conservative approach during his 13-year service (1956–69) on the nation’s second highest court commended him to President Richard M. Nixon, who in 1969 named Burger to succeed Earl Warren as chief justice of the Supreme Court. He was quickly confirmed and in June 1969 was sworn in as the nation’s chief justice.
Contrary to some popular expectations, Burger and his three fellow Nixon-appointed justices did not try to reverse the tide of activist decision making on civil-rights issues and criminal law that was the Warren court’s chief legacy. The court upheld the 1966 Miranda decision, which required that a criminal suspect under arrest be informed of his rights, and the court also upheld busing as a permissible means of racially desegregating public schools and the use of racial quotas in the distribution of federal grants and contracts to minorities. Under Burger’s leadership the court did dilute several minor Warren-era decisions protecting the rights of criminal defendants, but the core of the Warren court’s legal precedents in this and other fields survived almost untouched.
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One reason the Justinian Code was significant was that it (1) became the foundation of the modern legal systems of many Western countries. The Justinian Code has a major influence on public international law and laid the foundation for Western legal tradition. It was ordered by Justinian I who was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was seen as East of the Greek Isles.
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