Both the Renaissance and the Reformation challenged traditional thinking that had been dominated by church authorities for centuries. This set a pattern for the commitment to reasoning and inquiry that characterized the Scientific Revolution and then also the Enlightenment (which championed Scientific Revolution thinking).
Some details about the Renaissance:
- The rise of humanism in Italy is associated with the period in history, from the 14th to 16th centuries, that we call "The Renaissance." Renaissance means a rebirth -- and a big part of what was being reborn in the Italian Renaissance was the classical culture and scholarship of Greece and Rome. Scholars were unearthing many of the old writings of Greek and Roman philosophers, historians, and statesmen. These writings -- from pagan societies -- showed the deep thinking and great acts human beings were capable of prior to the rise of Christian society in Europe. This prompted humanist scholars in Italy (and elsewhere) to give focus to the full range of human capabilities -- in art, architecture, scholarship and writing, etc. Renaissance humanists began to question many of the church's traditional beliefs and practices. They re-framed thinking about human beings' status in God's world. Whereas church-dominated culture prior to the Renaissance focused mostly on the sinfulness and lowness of human beings in contrast to the greatness of God, the humanism of the Renaissance emphasized the greatness of human beings as God's creation. Individuals were encouraged to be all they could be, learn all they could learn, do all they could do as "Renaissance men."
Some details about the Protestant Reformation:
- The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther's posting of what are commonly called "The 95 Theses." Luther's theses for debate challenged the church's use of indulgences. Indulgences, by the authority of the pope, granted people the removal of penance owed in regard to their sins. Luther objected not only to the fact that these papers were being peddled for money, but questioned many of the doctrinal foundations behind the use of indulgences. As Luther continued his reform efforts, he protested not only indulgences, but the revering of relics, prayers to saints, the authority of the pope, and most especially, the church's teaching on how people become righteous in the eyes of God. Other reformers, such as Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin, also became part of the Protestant Reformation activity.
It was in 1947 and they were a bit confused why it happened
Henry Wallace's description of American foreign policy was somewhere between the positions of President Truman and Soviet ambassador Novikov. Wallace acknowledged that America's policy was an attempt to establish and safeguard democracy in other nations. But he also noted that attempts to do so in Eastern Europe would inevitably be seen by the Soviets as a threat to their security, even as an attempt to destroy the Soviet Union.
President Truman's position (as stated in the speech in March, 1947, in which he laid out the "Truman Doctrine"), was that those who supported a free and democratic way of life had to oppose governments that forced the will of a minority upon the rest of society by oppression and by controlling the media and suppressing dissent.
Soviet ambassador Nikolai Novikov went as far as to accuse the Americans of imperialism as the essence of their foreign policy, in the telegram he sent sent to the Soviet leadership in September, 1946.
Henry Wallace had been Vice-President of the United States under Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1941-1945, prior to Harry Truman serving in that role. When Truman became president after FDR's death, Wallace served in the Truman administration as Secretary of Commerce. After his letter to President Truman in July, 1946, and other controversial comments he made, Truman dismissed Wallace from his administration (in September, 1946). Truman and Wallace definitely did not see eye-to-eye on foreign policy, especially in regard to the Soviet Union.
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The British instated the acts to make an example of the colonies after the Boston Tea Party, and the outrage they caused became the major push that led to the outbreak American Revolution in 1775.
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