Answer:
The correct choice is ''ion electrochemical gradients''.
Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by <u>ion electrochemical gradients</u>.
Explanation:
An electrochemical gradient can be considered as that electrical (electrostatic pressure) and chemical (diffusion) force that determine the movement of molecules and ions across the membrane. This electrochemical gradient, in addition to causing movement of substances through cell membranes, is also a type of potential energy available for the performance of different cellular activities, potential energy called membrane potential.
Answer:
Glycolysis.
Explanation:
Glycolysis is a universal process that provides energy in the form of ATP molecules. It requires two molecules of NAD+, which are reduced to NADH during glycolysis. Thus, regeneration of NAD+ is necessary as if NAD+ is absent, glycolysis cannot be able to continue.
During anaerobic respiration (respiration in the absence of oxygen), fermentation takes place to regenerate NAD+ used in the process of glycolysis.
It would decrease, because the producers are the source of food for the herbivores
