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The great changes in thought that inspired revolutions not only in politics and art but in other fields, such as science, culture, economy and society, were the deepening human knowledge. This as such could only be achieved with the Enlightenment. With this movement, the aim was to reduce the levels of ignorance to achieve a more intellectual world and in better conditions. So much was the welcome and the achievement of great changes in the thought that this movement expanded towards the highest spheres of society.
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Germany, under Kaiser Wilhelm II was a largely Militarist country. The joined their ally, Austria-Hungary, in war against Serbia, after the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Serbia's rejection of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum. This ultimatum would have basically put Hungary in charge of the Serbian government, an act of imperialism. The alliances between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the Russian, French, and British alliance, later followed by the United States, allowed this to become a full scale world war. Nationalism played a big part in starting WW1, as the Serbian Terrorists who killed the archduke wee in favor of Serbian nationalism and against Austro-Hungarian influence.
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I hope this helps.
Algeria was a French colony back in the day, so obviously no colonial country would want any of its colonies to gain independence. Just take a look at Britain and America - America consisted mostly of colonists from England who then decided they wanted freedom to become a separate country. Algeria used to belong to France, which means that all of its resources and money also belonged to France, which is something it didn't want to lose.