Scientific theories said that dark-skinned people were less intelligent than white people and misguided theories justified the passage of laws that kept African Americans from voting.
C. Presbyterian im pretty sure
A. They meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for throwing there tea shipment into the Boston Harbor in reaction to changes in tax by the British to the detriment of Colonial goods.
Hope this helps:)
Communism
This is an example of central planning in which everything is directed by the government. These types of economies tend not to do well because as the question states the incentive for individuals is taken away.