Scientists use radioactive decay to date fossils and artifacts through a process called carbon dating it measures the amount of carbon still left in a dead object. The less carbon that exists, the longer that animal or plant as been dead.
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Through diffusion is the answer
Usually plants rely on animals or the wind to pollinate them. When animals such as bees, butterflies, moths, flies, and hummingbirds pollinate plants, it's accidental. They are not trying to pollinate the plant. When they move to another flower to feed, some of the pollen can rub off onto this new plant's stigma.