Another term for the word "vertical hierarchy" is "the chain of command." A vertical hierarchy is an organisational structure that looks like a pyramid. Located at the topmost portion of this "pyramid" are the executives of a company, and below it are the supervisors in different departments and divisions.
Answer:
The correct answer is "substitution effect"
Explanation:
When the price of a good or service rises, and the consumers change into a cheaper product with similar characteristics; immediately the market experiencing a decrease in sales for these changes; That phenomenon is called substitution effect.
For Example:
When the chicken price increases, the consumers prefer to consume pork; Immediately the chicken sales decrease for this decision. That is called a substitution effect.
Answer:
The new price of the bond is $928.94
Explanation:
Initially the bond's price is equal to its par value which means the coupon rate on bond and the market interest rates are the same i.e. 6%.
Th bond's price is calculated as the sum of the present value of the annuity of interest payments by the bond and the present value of the face value of the bond that will be received at maturity. The discount rate used to calculate the present values is the market interest rate.
As the bond is a semiannual bond, we will use the semi annual coupon payment, the semi annual percentage of the annual rate of interest on market and the number of semi annual periods outstanding.
Semi annual coupon payment = 1000 * 0.06 * 6/12 = $30
Number of semiannual periods till maturity = 10 * 2 = 20 periods
New market interest rate = 6 + 1 = 7% annual
New semi annual market interest rate = 7% / 2 = 3.5%
Price of bond = 30 * [ (1 - (1+0.035)^-20) / 0.035 ] + 1000 / (1+0.035)^20
Price of bond = $928.938 rounded off to $928.94
We used the present value of annuity ordinary formula for preset value of interest payments and the normal present value of principal formula for the face value.
Answer: Informal proposal
Explanation: Usually while communication any kind of external information to the clients or prospective Clint one uses a formal proposal.
But in the given case, the prospective project under consideration have a very small scale and does not gonna have huge impact. Thus, in suich situations informal proposal is a better alternative.
Thus, the correct option is informal proposal.