The social order of pre-Revolutionary France was composed of three states: the 1st state was made up of clergymen, the 2nd state included all the nobility, and the 3rd state was formed by the rest of the population of France, including the peasantry, the bourgeoisie, and the city workers.
The experiences of the nobility and the bourgeoisie were very different during this period. The nobiity included around 1-2% of the population of the country. They were mostly exempt from taxes and for the most part, did not have a job. On the other hand, the bourgeoisie was a large percentage of the population, and carried a significant tax burden. This class was the most educated and wealthiest part of the 3rd State, and they resented the privileges of the nobles, in particular the tax exemptions. The conflict between these classes was a reason for the French Revolution.
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Answer:
La actividad de contrabando en América, se desarrolla a partir del siglo XVII como respuesta al llamado Monopolio Comercial Español. El contrabando por esa época consistía en el comercio y tráfico ilegal, sin que el tráfico fuera reportado o autorizado por las autoridades coloniales. Las fronteras del Imperio colonial español eran muy permeables, y las ciudades establecidas en suelo americano se convirtieron en potenciales clientes ávidos de los productos que desembarcaban desde barcos operados por europeos no españoles.12
Al respecto Guillermo Céspedes del Castillo indica que "el monopolio español cede ante el esfuerzo de sus importantes adversarios. A comienzos del siglo XVII son los extranjeros los principales beneficiarios del comercio de Indias en Sevilla; a través de testaferros españoles, más del 90% del capital y utilidades del tráfico entre América y el puerto andaluz pertenecen en realidad a franceses, genoveses, holandeses, ingleses y alemanes. ... En 1686, las flotas [españolas] surtían sólo en una tercera parte a los mercados indianos, que eran abastecidos en los restantes dos tercios por el contrabando".3
Explanation:
The most important individual responsible for the inclusion of Roman educated intellectuals into early Christianity was "<span>a. Augustine of Hippo," since he thought that this would greatly help stabilize the empire. </span><span />