Answer:
The immune response is how your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful.
Information
The immune system protects the body from possibly harmful substances by recognizing and responding to antigens. Antigens are substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Nonliving substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles (such as a splinter) can also be antigens. The immune system recognizes and destroys, or tries to destroy, substances that contain antigens.
Your body's cells have proteins that are antigens. These include a group of antigens called HLA antigens. Your immune system learns to see these antigens as normal and usually does not react against them.
It is called a horizontal relationship
It depends on the type of animal, but if, for example, you're talking about one lower on the energy pyramid (like a chicken, for example) then this is because of the energy distribution. When an animal consumes something else, it absorbs about 10 percent of the energy of that creature.
So, lets say a plant has 1000 units of energy. Then a bug comes along, and eats the plant, absorbing 100 units (10 percent) of that energy. Then, a chicken eats the bug, absorbing only 10 units of that energy. Finally, a human eats the chicken, getting only 1 unit of the original energy.
The reason that something like a bug has to eat less than a human, is because it gets more energy directly from the plant.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to autoimmune mechanisms.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is characterized by a global loss of self-tolerance with activation of autoreactive T and B cells, leading to the production of pathogen autoantibodies and tissue damage.
Innate immune mechanisms are required for aberrant adaptive immune responses in SLE. Recent advances in basic and clinical biology have shed new light on the disease mechanisms of lupus. This review article describes recent studies that provide valuable insights into disease-specific therapeutic targets.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a systemic autoimmune disease with inflammation of multiple organs. SLE is characterized by the production of pathogenic autoantibodies against nucleic acids and their binding proteins, reflecting a global loss of self-tolerance.
Loss of tolerance with subsequent immune dysregulation is the result of genetic factors in the context of environmental triggers and stochastic events, with recent studies implicating more than 30 genetic loci in disease pathogenesis.
Learn more about Systemic lupus erythematosus here : brainly.com/question/16240498
#SPJ4
