Common law evolves in part based on decisions in court cases.
"Common law" in English history was the body of precedents established by courts and procedures from the Middle Ages onward. It wasn't so much that there was a codified system of laws, but there were past practices and procedures that informed legal decisions to be made in the present. The American legal system still takes this sort of approach to law, letting past precedents inform decisions on new situations that arise.
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As a result of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the U.S. Supreme Court banned B. the use of quotas in affirmative action.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke was a landmark Supreme Court decision that ruled that while affirmative action programs are sometimes constitutional, racial quotas are a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Ans: Russo-Japanese War, (1904–05), military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in East Asia, thereby becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power.
"Surrogate wars" also known as "proxy wars" are wars fought in a third country. The US and the Soviet Union were fighting each other in, for example, Afghanistan and Vietnam.
They preferred proxy wars, because they came without civilian victims of own population and without a distraction of the infrastructure of their own countries. In short, the two powers could compete militarily with each other without suffering the worst effects of the wars - this situation allowed them to try to defeat the other one without much risk to their own population.
A couple was voting, serving on a jury (greek)
having elected representatives rule on behalf of the citizens, had their own constitution (roman)
