A cyclic change in the earth system repeats the same steps over and over, though not necessarily with the same results or at the same rate.
The Earth's climate cycles across a wide range of time scales, from years to decades to centuries to millennia. Different physical processes can start cycles at different scales. All of these layered systems and cycles working in concert determine the climate over any particular period.
Scientists examine Earth's cycles in an effort to understand how our world functions. Our planet's climates can vary as a result of modifications to Earth's cycles. Our understanding of how humans are influencing these cycles and how that can transform the world will grow as we learn more about them.
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Answer:
The European Union is a unique economic and political union between 27 EU countries that together cover much of the continent.
The core is the very middle of the Earth, It is a solid ball of melted rock.
The crust is split into sections which are called plates.
The income elasticity of demand for bagels is 0.48. Bagels is a normal good. Income elasticity of demand for donuts is -0.31. Donuts is an inferior goods.
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What is income elasticity of demand?</h3>
Income elasticity of demand measures how the quantity demanded of a good changes when there is a change in income. Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity. Normal goods have a positive income elasticity.
Income elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in income
Income elasticity of demand for bagels:
percentage change in quantity demanded = (10 /6) - 1 = 0.667 = 66.7%
percentage change in income = ($6000 / $2500) - 1 = 1.4 = 140%
Income elasticity of demand = 66.7 / 140 = 0.48
Income elasticity of demand for donuts:
percentage change in quantity demanded = (8/14) - 1 = -0.429 = 42.9%
percentage change in income = ($6000 / $2500) - 1 = 1.4 = 140%
Income elasticity of demand = -42.9/ 140 = -0.31
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