It was the British and Russian empires.
I think it is the answer A: Stability .....
The common similarity when the four modernizations were initiated by both administrations of Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping was that both adopted elements of capitalism. As we all know, both these nations are communist in nature, however, both leaders became open-minded in inhibiting the ideas of capitalism from the West.
I believe your answer is humanism. :)
