there are 195 countries in the world
Answer:
A large part of South Asia receives rainfall mainly during the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) season of the year (Jun–Sep). The socioeconomic conditions of most of the developing countries in this region largely depend on the ISM rains. It also played important roles in rise and collapse of ancient civilizations in this region. However, the influence of the ISM on Indian ancient civilizations has not yet been fully explored though there were some attempts to correlate monsoon variation with their rise and fall. For example, in the mid to late Holocene period, Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization flourished in the western part of India from its early development, through its urbanization and eventual transformation into a rural society. Probably a prolonged decrease in the ISM rainfall caused the decline in the urban phase of the Indus Civilization around the 4.2 kyr BP global climate event. Another well-recorded early Holocene global climate event is the 8.2 kyr BP cooling event which also reportedly influenced ISM significantly, but its impact on human settlement is not clear in this region. The present study is a comprehensive review of the archaeological and climatological researches carried out on the role of ISM variability on the rise and fall of ancient Indian civilizations for the most part of the ongoing interglacial period, the Holocene. The review covers the studies on the period of the last 10 kyr as evidence suggests that human settlement and cultural developments in this region started around the beginning of this period. We have noted that the existing studies are mostly restricted to vague qualitative analysis of the weakening/strengthening of the ISM, and researches related to quantitative estimations of changes of the monsoon strengths and durations of drought events that caused collapse of civilizations are limited. Therefore, in the present analysis, emphasis has also been given on the requirement of estimating the absolute changes that might have caused cultural shifts. Some possible ways to quantitatively estimate the changes of some climate parameters are discussed.
Lower fertility rates or religion beliefs
Answer and Explanation:
A few of the results and outcomes of the Protestant Reformation in Europe are as follows:-
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The Protestant Reformation made the Roman Catholic Church start its own change.
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The Protestant Reformation made formality and community gatherings open to lay people.
- The Protestant Reformation moved otherworldly and religious power to Scripture.
- The Protestant Reformation pushed the spread of literacy over the mainland.
- The Protestant Reformation uncovered significant debasement in chapel authority. and so forth
Results of the Protestant Reformation in Europe:-
- Numerous occasions prompted the protestant transformation.
- Pastorate misuse made individuals start scrutinizing the Catholic Church.
- The narrow minded, unreasonable want and shocking existences of the ministry had made a separation among them and the workers.
- The destitute individuals were affected by compositions and proclaiming of Luther to guarantee or request monetary changes through outfitted disobedience in the German states.
- The enormous issue or unsettling influence that caused Reformation had persevering for an all-inclusive effect on European governmental issues.
- After the shorter time frame Catholic Church regarded Martin Luther a (protestant Europe) moved toward becoming splited, so to speak and so forth.
Martin Luther's convictions and thoughts:-
- He proposed that the Bible alone will serve as the guidance for Christians and that German Christians didn't have to tune in to the Pope in Italy and therefore make good on regulatory expenses, i.e., taxes.
- Luther proposed a ministry everything being equal (individuals could converse with God legitimately) in light of the fact that he was not concurred with the possibility that clerics were expected to come or go close to God for the benefit of the individuals.
- As Church was utilizing or rehearsing Latin language, Luther requested that the congregation should utilize the regular language of the individuals. Accordingly, Luther made an interpretation of the whole Bible into this European language.
