The Umayyad Caliphate ruled the Islamic Empire from 661-750 CE. It succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate when Muawiyah I became Caliph after the First Muslim Civil War. Muawiyah I established his capital in the city of Damascus where the Umayyads would rule the Islamic Empire for nearly 100 years.
It was "Andreas Vesalius<span>" who was the sixteenth-century physician who published the first accurate and detailed picture of human anatomy, since he was one of the most advanced and knowledgable surgeons of his time.</span>
<span>It was the Crusades.
The Crusades was a campaign to regain the Holy Land from the Muslim
invaders after they took it over. Some
came to fight for that goal while others joined to see new lands while some
were after the riches that be taken from that area. Many were promised forgiveness of their sins
if they joined the Crusades. Still, some
of the effects of the Crusade were that the Mediterranean was open to trade as
soldiers and markets were established.
Other effects were that it led to the growth of towns and cities as the
nobility sold their lands to join the Crusades and the people gained their
freedom. Finally with the growth of towns, feudalism was weakened.</span>
I'm not 100% sure but i do believe germany helped start the war by there political takeover done by hitler and the nazi's, so i would say A would be the best answer seeing as it would be the only type of take over suggested here. Hope this helps!
