Surely only a few of us know that many modern high-school-level concepts in mathematics first were developed in Africa, as was the first method of counting. More than 35,000 years ago, Egyptians scripted textbooks about math that included division and multiplication of fractions and geometric formulas to calculate the area and volume of shapes (3). Distances and angles were calculated, algebraic equations were solved and mathematically based predictions were made of the size of floods of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians considered a circle to have 360 degrees and estimated Π at 3.16 (3).
Eight thousand years ago, people in present-day Zaire developed their own numeration system, as did Yoruba people in what is now Nigeria. The Yoruba system was based on units of 20 (instead of 10) and required an impressive amount of subtraction to identify different numbers. Scholars have lauded this system, as it required much abstract reasoning (4).
Astronomy
Several ancient African cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy. Many of these are foundations on which we still rely, and some were so advanced that their mode of discovery still cannot be understood. Egyptians charted the movement of the sun and constellations and the cycles of the moon. They divided the year into 12 parts and developed a yearlong calendar system containing 365 ¼ days (3). Clocks were made with moving water and sundial-like clocks were used (3).
A structure known as the African Stonehenge in present-day Kenya (constructed around 300 B.C.) was a remarkably accurate calendar (5). The Dogon people of Mali amassed a wealth of detailed astronomical observations (6). Many of their discoveries were so advanced that some modern scholars credit their discoveries instead to space aliens or unknown European travelers, even though the Dogon culture is steeped in ceremonial tradition centered on several space events. The Dogon knew of Saturn’s rings, Jupiter’s moons, the spiral structure of the Milky Way and the orbit of the Sirius star system. Hundreds of years ago, they plotted orbits in this system accurately through the year 1990 (6). They knew this system contained a primary star and a secondary star (now called Sirius B) of immense density and not visible to the naked eye.
Metallurgy and tools
Many advances in metallurgy and tool making were made across the entirety of ancient Africa. These include steam engines, metal chisels and saws, copper and iron tools and weapons, nails, glue, carbon steel and bronze weapons and art (2, 7).
Advances in Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago surpassed those of Europeans then and were astonishing to Europeans when they learned of them. Ancient Tanzanian furnaces could reach 1,800°C — 200 to 400°C warmer than those of the Romans (8).
<em><u>Significance of the Hudson River School in the antebellum era to the reaction to the exploitation of American environment during the Gilded Age was that it was warning against the environment exploitation because of factories established in the Gilded Age.
</u></em>
Further Explanations:
Hudson River School was an American art school started in the antebellum era. The school was famous for numerous of painters of landscape, who were swayed by Romanticism. The paintings were revealing the beauty of Hudson River Valley and the landscape nearby it that includes the White Mountains, Adirondack, and Catskill.
Antebellum era and the gilded age are of the same epoch but are unquestionably dissimilar from each other. Glided age was the era in the United States marked by the monetary growth in the Northern and the Western areas of America. Rapid development of trades and arrival of numerous migrants was also marked during the epoch while the antebellum era refers to the era after the war that is marked by the nation’s expansion and economic reforms.
The painters of the schools were against industrialization as according to the industries will destroy the beauty of nature. Establishment of numerous industries leads to the destruction of forests and other natural resources.
Learn more
- What did china agree to do once the treaty of Nanjing was signed? check all that apply? <u>brainly.com/question/175568
</u>
- Under the articles of confederation, if Virginia had ten thousand citizens and Delaware had five thousand citizens, how many votes would each state have in the legislature? <u>brainly.com/question/9935193
</u>
- In the Supreme Court’s decision in Korematsu v. united states, the court said that Korematsu? <u>brainly.com/question/8391589</u>
Answer Details
Grade: High school
Subject: US History
Chapter: Hudson River School
Keywords:
Hudson River School, American, art, antebellum era, landscape, Romanticism, Hudson River Valley, White Mountains, Adirondack, Catskill, Antebellum era, gilded age
The correct answer to this question is: 1 writers who worked to reform aspects of society
Muckrackers were socially conscious journalists who worked to expose the worst aspects of society.
Answer:
European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools. (such as astrolabe or revised maps), innovations in ship designs. (such as caravels) and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns, all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possibl
Answer:
taking a new approach to a decision rather than following legal precedent
D is the correct answer
