A technique used in determining the protein binding region in dna (e.g, binding region of RNA polymerase) is called DNA footprinting
One technique used to determine protein binding regions (eg, RNA polymerase binding regions) of DNA is called DNA footprinting. A DNA footprint shows where a protein binds to a DNA molecule. In this technique, a pure DNA fragment labeled with 32 P at one end is first isolated. A trace amount of DNA endonuclease is then added to the mixture of core protein and radiolabeled DNA. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) harnesses the power of high-throughput sequencing methods to gain insight into the cellular transcriptome. Compared to previous Sanger sequencing and microarray-based methods, RNA-Seq offers much broader coverage and resolution of the dynamic nature of the transcriptome.
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Answer:
When patient takes in antibiotics the resistance bacteria gets a competitive survival advantage over the normal sensitive bacteria and hence grows faster.
Explanation:
- Bacteria can acquire resistance by taking in plasmids containing MDR (Multi-Drug Resistance) gene cassettes. The MDR genes produces proteins that can:
- Render the antibiotic ineffective to act on its target by inducing chemical modifications on the drug.
- Promote efflux of the drug from the bacterial cell so that the drug cannot act upon its target.
- When a healthy person ( having no prior exposure to the antibiotic) is infected by bacteria ( both sensitive and resistant varieties):
- A competition develops for the host cells and nutrients between the sensitive and the resistant variety.
- This mutual competition restricts either of the sensitive or resistant bacterial strain to grow profusely.
- When a person (having prior antibiotic exposure), gets infected by bacteria ( both sensitive and resistant varieties) and is exposed to the same antibiotic:
- The sensitive variety, due to its sensitivity towards the drug, gets killed.
- The resistant variety, due to its MDR genes, bypasses the lethal effect of the drug and survives.
- These surviving resistant bacteria can now infect all the available host cells and utilise all the available nutrients without facing any competition and multiply rapidly.
<h2>Inside the cones of pine tree</h2>
Explanation:
- The life cycle of a pine tree starts in the strobulus, the sexual conceptive structure in a completely adult pine tree. Strobulii is otherwise called the "pine cones." Male strobulii are in the lower some portion of the tree, while the female structures are in the upper part. The strobulli are viewed as unisexual structures since they have either male or female sexual organs. The male strobulli in a pine tree contains microsporocytes, grains that in the end form into dust. In the spring months, male strobulli discharge dust into the air, which is focused on the pine tree's female strobulli.
- A pine seed finds the right micro-climate, it will in the eventually sprout and a pine seedling begin to develop. Be that as it may, pine seeds are typically discharged in a torpid state, which is regularly broken by chilly stratification. Therefore, a pine seed won't grow until the accompanying spring when warm climate and some spring dampness are available. Since pine seeds are created in rich numbers, and just a small rate should be successful in building up new seedlings.
Okay blue is solid and the other one is gas on top and liquid on bottom i think
