The French wanted the debt that America owed them back. However, since the previous government (the one that lent them the money) was overthrown, the president said that the debt didn't count anymore. Because of this, French sailors kidnapped and attacked American sailors. This lead to an undeclared, cold war called the Quasi Wars.
The correct answer is d. A conditioned response.
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist interested in studying how digestion works in mammals. According to Pavlov, the dogs were demonstrating a conditioned response. He explained it like this: there's a neutral stimulus (the bell), which by itself will not produce a response, like salivation. There's also a non-neutral or unconditioned stimulus (the food), which will produce an unconditioned response (salivation).
The impact of the war socially was that it was a stepping stone for women's equality since while the men were fighting in the war, the women took over their jobs. The war also caused art to become more abstract and the English language became more vulgar. The impact internationally was that there was a lot of tension between Germany and France. You could even argue that it laid the groundwork for WWII. Germany was forced by France to take sole blame for the cause of the war (even though they didn't cause it), was forced to give up land, and was forced to pay reparations to all of the allied countries. Politically the allies made a new group to discuss certain international matters. Russia and Germany weren't allowed to take part in it.
The correct answer would be free association.
