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WITCHER [35]
3 years ago
13

Digital certificates can be used for each of these EXCEPT _____. A. to encrypt channels to provide secure communication between

clients and servers B. to encrypt messages for secure email communications C. to verify the authenticity of the Registration Authorizer D. to verify the identity of clients and servers on the Web
Computers and Technology
1 answer:
Alexeev081 [22]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Option(C) is the correct answer.

Explanation:

The digital certificate sometimes also called Public Key Certificate. The digital certificate is the encrypted password that enables an entity to securely share information across the Web using the PKI network. The digital certificate is used for security purposes.

  • The main objective of the digital certificates to check that the registration is authentic or not With the help of a digital certificate the user will allow stable Web-based interaction.
  • All the other options are not to digital certificate that's why these are incorrect options.
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Discuss the DMA process​
shusha [124]

Answer:

Direct memory access (DMA) is a process that allows an input/output (I/O) device to send or receive data directly to or from the main memory, bypassing the CPU to speed up memory operations and this process is managed by a chip known as a DMA controller (DMAC).

Explanation:

A defined portion of memory is used to send data directly from a peripheral to the motherboard without involving the microprocessor, so that the process does not interfere with overall computer operation.

In older computers, four DMA channels were numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3. When the 16-bit industry standard architecture (ISA) expansion bus was introduced, channels 5, 6 and 7 were added.

ISA was a computer bus standard for IBM-compatible computers, allowing a device to initiate transactions (bus mastering) at a quicker speed. The ISA DMA controller has 8 DMA channels, each one of which associated with a 16-bit address and count registers.

ISA has since been replaced by accelerated graphics port (AGP) and peripheral component interconnect (PCI) expansion cards, which are much faster. Each DMA transfers approximately 2 MB of data per second.

A computer's system resource tools are used for communication between hardware and software. The four types of system resources are:

  •    I/O addresses
  •    Memory addresses.
  •    Interrupt request numbers (IRQ).
  •    Direct memory access (DMA) channels.

DMA channels are used to communicate data between the peripheral device and the system memory. All four system resources rely on certain lines on a bus. Some lines on the bus are used for IRQs, some for addresses (the I/O addresses and the memory address) and some for DMA channels.

A DMA channel enables a device to transfer data without exposing the CPU to a work overload. Without the DMA channels, the CPU copies every piece of data using a peripheral bus from the I/O device. Using a peripheral bus occupies the CPU during the read/write process and does not allow other work to be performed until the operation is completed.

With DMA, the CPU can process other tasks while data transfer is being performed. The transfer of data is first initiated by the CPU. The data block can be transferred to and from memory by the DMAC in three ways.

In burst mode, the system bus is released only after the data transfer is completed. In cycle stealing mode, during the transfer of data between the DMA channel and I/O device, the system bus is relinquished for a few clock cycles so that the CPU can perform other tasks. When the data transfer is complete, the CPU receives an interrupt request from the DMA controller. In transparent mode, the DMAC can take charge of the system bus only when it is not required by the processor.

However, using a DMA controller might cause cache coherency problems. The data stored in RAM accessed by the DMA controller may not be updated with the correct cache data if the CPU is using external memory.

Solutions include flushing cache lines before starting outgoing DMA transfers, or performing a cache invalidation on incoming DMA transfers when external writes are signaled to the cache controller.

4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Which layer defines an interface that applications can use to request network services, rather than referring directly to applic
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Explain what is meant by a limited data set and how this HIPAA rule may affect medical assistants
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3 years ago
The Monte Carlo method is commonly used to approximate areas or volumes of shapes. In this problem, we will use Monte Carlo to f
sdas [7]

Answer:

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def calculate_pi(x,y):

   points_in_circle=0

   for i in range(len(x)):

       if np.sqrt(x[i]**2+y[i]**2)<=1:

           points_in_circle+=1

       pi_value=4*points_in_circle/len(x)

       return pi_value

length=np.power(10,6)

x=np.random.rand(length)

y=np.random.rand(length)

pi=np.zeros(7)

sample_size=np.zeros(7)

for i in range(len(pi)):

   xs=x[:np.power(10,i)]

   ys=y[:np.power(10,i)]

   sample_size[i]=len(xs)

   pi_value=calculate_pi(xs,ys)

   pi[i]=pi_value

 

print("The value of pi at different sample size is")

print(pi)

plt.plot(sample_size,np.abs(pi-np.pi))

plt.xscale('log')

plt.yscale('log')

plt.xlabel('sample size')

plt.ylabel('absolute error')

plt.title('Error Vs Sample Size')

plt.show()

Explanation:

The python program gets the sample size of circles and the areas and returns a plot of one against the other as a line plot. The numpy package is used to mathematically create the circle samples as a series of random numbers while matplotlib's pyplot is used to plot for the visual statistics of the features of the samples.

4 0
3 years ago
Your bank offers to lend you $114,400 at an 8.5% annual interest rate to start your new business. The terms require you to amort
wlad13 [49]

Answer: The amount of interest to be paid is $972

Explanation: This is gotten by firstly getting the amount of money to return per year without the interest which is $114400/10(years)= 11440

11440 is to be paid per year without interest. To get amount of interest is $11440*8.5/100 = $972 this is the amount of interest to be paid per year including in year 2.

Therefore, total amount of money together with interest to be paid each year and in year 2 = $11440+$972=12412.

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3 years ago
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