The Preamble quote that most specifically refers to natural rights: "[T]hey are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
John Locke was one of the first of the Enlightenment era philosophers. The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason was in contrast to superstition and traditional beliefs. The Scientific Revolution had shown that there are natural laws in place in the physical world and in the universe at large. Applying similar principles to matters like government and society, using reason will guide us to the best ways to operate politically so as to create the most beneficial conditions for society. This included a conviction that all human beings have certain natural rights which are to be protected and preserved. Locke's ideal was one that promoted individual freedom and equal rights and opportunity for all. Each individual's well-being (life, health, liberty, possessions) should be served by the way government and society are arranged.
A turning point usually introduces new people, ideas, and technology which results in different forms of government change in idea and even rebellions. So it can be thought of as a revolution because new things are showing up and change is happening.
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The spread of the bubonic plague from Central Asia into Europe decimated the populations but increased opportunities for the survivors. An enormous variety of new consumer goods, agriculture, weaponry, religion, and medical science became available in Europe.
Queen Liliuokalani was deposed in January 1893 by a group of American and European businessmen, with the support of U.S. Minister John Stevens and a contingent of U.S. Marines.
The Queen surrendered with hopes of being reinstated by President Cleveland. He had motivations to want her throne restored mainly on moral grounds. Because he opposed the conquest of a lesser state by a greater one as well as any form of annexation that would only be an excuse for illicit territorial acquisition.
