The main structure of epidermis is composed of 4 layers or strata. From bottom to top, these are:
- stratum basale attached to the basement membrane.
- two intermediate layers (stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum), and
- at the top is stratum corneum.
- There is also a 'thick skin' or the fifth stratum present at the feet and palm, known as stratum lucidum. It is present between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum.
Stratum basale is the deepest layer attached to the basement. Stratum spinosum makes the skin strong and flexible. Stratum granulosum prevents water loss from the body. Stratum corneum acts as a protective barrier on the outermost side of the skin. Stratum lucidum is made up of dead cells present only in thick skin.
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Depressed mood states are linked to
low levels of serotonin and
low levels of norepinephrine.
It has been shown that serotonin and norepinephrine are involved in depression, the deficit in either neurotransmitter can cause depression. Thus, these neurotransmitters are targeted in antidepressants. For example, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are one of the most commonly used class of antidepressant drugs that treat depressive disorders. The mechanism of this drug is to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, which results in their higher concentrations<span>.</span>
The answer to this question would be: <span>producing large quantities of proteins for secretion
Cell with many smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a high protein synthesis capability. This will make the cell able to produce many proteins like enzyme. One example of this type of cell will be hepatocyte or cell in the liver. This cell will need many enzymes to detoxify toxin in the body.</span>
There are differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. This difference is considered to be the most important distinction between groups of organisms. A Prokaryotic cell does not contain a nucleus. It only contains one chromosome and is a single-celled organism. It was the only form of life on earth for millions of years. Examples of a Prokaryotic cell are the different types of bacteria present today.
A Eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus; more than one chromosome and is typically a multi-celled organism. <span>Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells.</span>
