A cross between a chicken and a turkey is called a "turkin." They are raised in farms in Wyoming. The "turkin" is an example of hybridization.
The growth of lymphoid tissue in the gut is fueled by TNFa. Because TNF/Rorc(gt)/ mice, who express higher amounts of TNF but lack RORgt+ LTi cells, also generate lymphoid tissue in sites of inflammation, the development of this ectopic lymphoid tissue was not contingent on the presence of conventional RORgt+ LTi cells. Surprisingly, these animals produced a number of lymph nodes that resembled those of wild type animals in both structure and function. When stromal cells were activated during the late stages of embryogenesis and when an organogenic pathway that permitted the formation of lymph nodes was activated, TNF generation by F4/80+ myeloid cells located inside the anlagen was crucial.
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A tree is not an isolated system. It gets nutrients from surrounding environment to grow and build its mass. A total mass of tree plus its environment is constant.
The third codon (three bases) in the sequence was mutated from GAT to AAT. The GAT codon translates to the amino acid aspartic acid. The AAT codon translates to the amino acid asparagine. This is what's called a point mutation, specifically a missense mutation since the translated amino acid is changed. Deletion and inversion mutations are not the answer because these mutations involve the chromosomes as a whole, not just bases. Frame shift mutations occur when 1 or 2 (but not 3) bases are added or deleted from the sequence causing an array of point mutations (domino effect).
Ethyl methane sulfonate is a chemical mutagen that modifies bases in DNA. This agent causes C to be mutated to T
