England had established herself as a modern democracy by 1850, through the Chartism movement, that achieved men's universal suffrage.
Chartism was a movement for social and political reform in Britain in the mid-19th century. The name comes from the People's Charter of 1838, which described the movement's most important objectives.
Chartism followed earlier radical movements demanding expanded voting rights, and came after the reform of 1832 was adopted, which gave voting rights to the majority of the male middle class, but not to the working class that then emerged.
An agreement between delegates from the Northern and the Southern states at the United States Constitutional Convention (1787) that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.
