Answer:
Background
During the course of a bacterial infection, the rapid identification of the causative agent(s) is necessary for the determination of effective treatment options. We have developed a method based on a modified broad-range PCR and an oligonucleotide microarray for the simultaneous detection and identification of 12 bacterial pathogens at the species level. The broad-range PCR primer mixture was designed using conserved regions of the bacterial topoisomerase genes gyrB and parE. The primer design allowed the use of a novel DNA amplification method, which produced labeled, single-stranded DNA suitable for microarray hybridization. The probes on the microarray were designed from the alignments of species- or genus-specific variable regions of the gyrB and parE genes flanked by the primers. We included mecA-specific primers and probes in the same assay to indicate the presence of methicillin resistance in the bacterial species. The feasibility of this assay in routine diagnostic testing was evaluated using 146 blood culture positive and 40 blood culture negative samples.
Explanation:
Results
Comparison of our results with those of a conventional culture-based method revealed a sensitivity of 96% (initial sensitivity of 82%) and specificity of 98%. Furthermore, only one cross-reaction was observed upon investigating 102 culture isolates from 70 untargeted bacteria. The total assay time was only three hours, including the time required for the DNA extraction, PCR and microarray steps in sequence.
Answer: 1. Phosphatidyl serine: the phosphoserine group
2.Sphingomyelin: the phosphocholine group
3.Cholesterol: the hydroxyl group
4. Triacylglycerol: the ester bond between glycerol and fatty acids.
Explanation:
Amphipathic molecules have parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The cell membrane is made up of amphipathic molecules.
Phosphatidyl serine has a polar (hydrophilic) head named the phosphoserine group, the fatty acid group forms the chain.
Sphingomyelin consist of phosphicholine and ceramide. The phosphocholine group is the hydrophilic part while the ceramide is the hydrophobic part.
Cholesterol contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) that is polar while the rest part of the cholesterol is non polar.
Triacylglycerol is made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. The ester bonds between glycerol and the fatty acids is the Polar part of triacylglycerol.
Food chains I hope this is correct