The tissue that sends electrical signals through the body is the nervous tissue
Frogs reproduce by a special kind of embrace called "amplexus" which is an external fertilization that does not occur inside the female's body.
During mating (amplexus), the male frog grasps the female frog's trunk with his forelimbs.
The female frog discharges eggs into the water and then the male frog sheds the sperms over those eggs.
Answer;
The two processes used by producers to obtain energy are photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
Explanation;
Producers are those organisms that can make their own energy in an ecosystem using biochemical processes. These biochemical processes are photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
Photosynthesis involves use of energy from the sunlight together with water and oxygen to make simple sugars. The process converts solar energy to chemical energy (simple sugars).
Chemosynthesis involves use of chemicals as the energy source, rather than sunlight , to make simple sugars such as glucose.
Glucose from both processes is then used for respiration to generate energy or stored in form of starch.
We administered 300 mg of clindamycin intravenously at 12-h intervals for 2 days to patients with acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and controls to determine whether clindamycin will exacerbate preexisting hepatic dysfunction or whether drug excretion will be delayed in patients with liver disease
The recombination frequency of the two gene pairs is 3%.
The number of recombinant offspring(r.o.) / total number of offspring x 100% = recombination frequency(θ):
r.o./total x 100% = θ
30/100 x 100% = 3%
Recombinant offspring are children that have a different allele combination to their parents.
For example, say a mother has a haploid cell with the alleles AB and the father has a haploid cell with the alleles ab. These combine to make a diploid cell with the sequence Aa+Bb.
Formation of Recombinant Offspring :
Recombination can happen in two different ways; independent assortment and crossing over.
- Independent assortment is when the maternal and parental DNA are mixed during meiosis, creating a new gene sequence.
- Crossing over happens during the first stage of meiosis when the two homologous chromosomes are paired and a portion breaks off on the same loci then reconnects to a different end. Crossing over can only happen when there isn't a physical linkage of the parental alleles.
Recombination frequency (θ) is the frequency with which a single chromosomal crossover will take place between two genes during meiosis. A centimorgan (cM) is a unit that describes a recombination frequency of 1%. In this way we can measure the genetic distance between two loci, based upon their recombination frequency. This is a good estimate of the real distance. Double crossovers would turn into no recombination. In this case we cannot tell if crossovers took place. If the loci we're analysing are very close (less than 7 cM) a double crossover is very unlikely. When distances become higher, the likelihood of a double crossover increases. As the likelihood of a double crossover increases we systematically underestimate the genetic distance between two loci.
When two genes are close together on the same chromosome, they do not assort independently and are said to be linked. Whereas genes located on different chromosomes assort independently and have a recombination frequency of 50%, linked genes have a recombination frequency that is less than 50%.
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