Answer: Option (c) is correct
Explanation:
PDF is portable document format that come in form of file format .It is used for sharing and transmitting between computing and operating systems for viewing and printing in actual page layout. They can be used fro eBooks ,scanned document and text etc.
- Other options are incorrect because not all business organization use PDF, PDF has the capability of being edited and it stands for "portable document format".
- Thus, the correct option is option(c)
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Answer:
instrumental-rational
Explanation:
- A sociologist Max Weber interpreted the effects of Industrial Revolution on social actions. He described the four types of social actions:
Traditional Social Action
Affective/Affectional Social Action
Value Rational Social Action
Instrumental-Rational Social Action
- Instrumental-rational means to pursue most efficient means to achieve a specific goal.
- The goals of the actions are also used as a way of achieving certain objectives.
- So instrumental rational means doing anything it takes to reach a certain goal that does not take into account the consequences of the actions taken to achieve this goal.
- For example an organization's goal is to make maximize profit so it will use most effective and economical means to achieve this goal. For example by decreasing workers not considering the affects on the workers of this action.
- Another example is of a person who wants to gain money. He might rob others or sell drugs etc to get money. A student whose goal is to pass an exam in order to get a degree will give his time to study and might cheat in exam to pass the test.
- In short any actions can be taken which leads to the achievement of a certain goal.
- According to Weber instrumental rationality is destructive because rather than pursuing means and making decisions by taking moral values into consideration, the basic focus is to achieve a goal and make decisions using efficiency not considering moral values.
For the view of Exercise 4.18, explain why the database system would not allow a tuple to be inserted into the database through this view.
For reference
For the database of Figure 4.12, write a query to find the ID of each employee with no manager. Note that an employee may simply have no manager listed or may have a null manager. Write your query using an outer join and then write it again using no outer join at all.
OUTER JOIN
select e.ID from employee e left outer join manages m on e.ID = m.ID
where m.manager_id is null;
NO OUTER
select e.ID from employee e where e.ID not in (select m.ID from manages m) or e.ID in (select m.ID from manages m where m.manager_id is null);
