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velikii [3]
3 years ago
7

We typically hear of the gains from trade coming through specialization wherein each nation produces more of and exports that go

od which it produces at relatively less cost, and produces less of and imports that good which it produces at relatively higher cost. Indeed, classical trade theory is based on the benefits from such specialization in production. But, what if the nation cannot move any resources from the production of one good to the production of other and therefore cannot specialize in production
Business
1 answer:
Brut [27]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Generally theoretical models work only in theory. E.g. perfect competition models exist in theory but no market is really a perfect competition market.

The Ricardian model or the H-O model, or other trade models make the mistake of assuming that resources can be allocated at will and almost immediately, e.g. a fisherman can immediately become an engineer and start developing apps. Or a farmer that produces corn or rye (very popular examples) can suddenly start working at a factory producing bluejeans.

In real life, it doesn't happen. Also, trade models never consider natural trade barriers and extra costs related to trade. E.g. it is not the same to sell $10,000 worth of corn (you need a very large truck) than selling $10,000 worth of jeans (all you need is a small delivery van). In real life, trade is not simple, it is actually extremely complicated.

E.g. everyone knows that manufacturing goods in America is not efficient, at best companies can be less inefficient, but no manufacturing company in America is really efficient if we compare them to foreign companies. Even people who work in manufacturing industries know this, but they want to continue working in them. They want the companies to keep producing in America and they want to keep their jobs. Not everyone in America has a college degree in computer programming, finances, is able to design robots, or is a doctor, etc.

In real life, efficient industries have to exist alongside inefficient industries, and the whole economy suffers from it. But it is unavoidable. In the long run, the economy will eventually shift resources to more efficient industries,  but it takes a long time, and a lot of people and companies will be against it. E.g. every year there are less shoe manufacturers in America, and eventually sometime in the future there will be none.

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Based on the majors indicators, the U.K economy perform above expectations as the UK surprised the world in the second half to 2013 with the robustness of its economy.

<h3>What are the three major indicators of the economy?</h3>

Economic indicators cover measurements of stability and macroeconomic performance, such as gross domestic product (GDP), consumption, investment, and international commerce (central government budgets, prices, the money supply, and the balance of payments).

The GDP, unemployment rate, and inflation are the main three indicators that economists look at to determine how the economy is performing overall. The primary gauge of macroeconomic performance is generally acknowledged to be the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). An economy's overall size can be determined by looking at its GDP in absolute terms, whereas its overall health can be determined by observing fluctuations in GDP, which are frequently quantified as real GDP growth.

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3 0
1 year ago
You have been given the following return information for a mutual fund, the market index, and the risk-free rate. You also know
babymother [125]

Answer:

Sharpe ratio = 0.20

Treynor ratio = –0.005

Explanation:

Note: See the attached excel file for the calculations of average rate of returns, standard deviations and beta used in the calculation below.

a. Calculation of Sharpe ratio

Sharpe ratio refers to a  investment measurement that employed to measure the an investment actual that has been adjusted for the risk associated with the investment.

Sharpe ratio can be calculated using the following formula:

Sharpe ratio = (Average fund rate - Average Risk Free rate) / Standard deviation of fund rate = (5.46% - 2.40%) / 15.05% = 0.20

a. Calculation of Treynor ratio

Treynor ratio refers to investment measurement that is calculated to show the risk of certain investments after the volatility of the market has been taking into consideration.

Treynor ratio can be calculated using the following formula:

Treynor ratio = (Average market return rate - Average Risk Free rate) / Beta = (1.96% - 2.40%) / 87.53% = –0.005

Download xlsx
5 0
3 years ago
A company has the opportunity to take over a redevelopment project in an industrial area of a city. No immediate investment is r
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Answer:

1-a. The are multiple IRRs stated as follows:

The first IRR value = 4.09%

Second IRR value = 31.82%

1-b. Rate of return = 7.58%

2. This is NOT a good investment because the NPV is negative.

Explanation:

Note: The estimated Net Cash Flow for the 4th year in the data is erroneously stated in the question as a positive value instead as a negative value since it is a cost.

The estimated net cash flows correctly before answering the question as follows:

Year End             Net Cash Flow

1                             $500,000

2                            $300,000

3                            $100,000

4                          –$2,400,000

5                            $150,000

6                            $200,000

7                            $250,000

8                            $300,000

9                            $350,000

10                           $400,000

The explanation of the answers is now given as follows:

1-a. Tabulate the PW versus the interest rate and determine whether multiple IRRs exist.

Note: See Part 1-a of the attached excel file for the tabulation of the PW versus the interest rate.

From Part 1-a of the attached excel file, it can be observed that multiple IRRs exist. This is because there two IRRs stated as follows:

The first IRR value = 4.09%

Second IRR value = 31.82%

1-b. If so, use the ERR method when e 8% per year to determine a rate of return.

Note: See Part 1-a of the attached excel file for the calculation of total future value of income when e = 8% per year.

In the attached excel file, note that year 4 has a cost not income. Therefore,

From attached excel, we have:

Total Future Value of Income = $3,661,508.81

In the attached excel file, note that year 4 has a cost (not income) of $2,400,000. Therefore, it future value is not calculated. However, the present of the cost can be calculated as follows:

Present value of cost in year 4 = $2,400,000 / (100% + e)^4 = $2,400,000 / (100% + 8%)^4 = $1,764,071.65

The rate of return can now be calculated as follows:

Rate of return = ((Total Future Value of Income / Present value of cost in year 4)^(1/Number of period)) - 1 = (($3,661,508.81 / $1,764,071.65)^(1/10)) - 1 = 0.0758, or 7.58%

2. Use the PW method and a MARR of 18% to determine whether this is a good investment.

Note: See Part 2 of the attached excel file for the calculation of net present value (NPV).

From part 2 of the attached excel file, we have:

Net present value = –$21,043.15

Since the net present value is negative, this implies that this is NOT a good investment.

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5 0
2 years ago
A business that does not need a full-time accountant, would most likely use a ______ accountant in which services are exchanged
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A business that does not need a full-time accountant, would most likely use a public accountant in which services are exchanged for a fee.

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The role of an accountant include performing accounting functions such as:

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4 0
1 year ago
What should a human resources manager focus on when determining an organization's long-term staffing needs
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What human resources manager focus on when determining an organization's long-term staffing needs is the organization's vision and strategic plan.

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Strategic planning  can be regarded as the process where an organizational leaders determine their vision.

This helps the leader to prepare  for the future as well as identify their goals and objectives for the organization.

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2 years ago
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