Artificial Selection is a selection process of desired characters in plants and animals through breeding. in In the process of Artificial Selection the offspring with desired characters is actively selected. Artificial selection is carried by selective breeding. This practice is very old and started before Darwin's theory of evolution and the discovery of genetics. Farmers chose with beneficial traits which could be heritable. Beneficial traits are studied and spend a lot of time calculating how heritable these traits can be.
If the chlorine already gained an electron(it has become stable), the sodium will not form a compound with chlorine unless it is sodium that gives chlorine the electron. Only then will they form a compound of NaCl.
Volcanoes, geysers, and hot springs all provide clues about Earth's interior. They also show one of the ways that Earth's layers interact with each other.