An oligarchy is a system of government where a small number of individuals government a political entity. These individuals can be elected, but normally they are unelected officials who have been given the rights to lead through authoritarian methods.
Democracies are a system of government whereby systems are put into place to allow individuals to vote for representatives or to vote directly on issues related to their political governance.
Republics are democracies in that they involve elections and representation, however, republics institute certain protections for individual rights and liberties usually in a constitution or founding document to prevent the majority from controlling political decisions.
The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.
For when they took over land? well you have to know that Mexico did not want to give land to America. Eventually though, due to Mexico not having alot of people to live on said land they told Americans that they could settle there .. ONLY if they became Mexicans and they converted to Catholicism. Americans of coarse agreed...BUT......many didn't fuffil that promise . It could be said and arued that the domanent strategy for America was to settle on the land and take it over from the inside.
Because they are important to the American people and symbolize America in a whole