Answer:
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.
The most famous example of classical conditioning was Pavlov's experiment with dogs, who salivated in response to a bell tone. Pavlov showed that when a bell was sounded each time the dog was fed, the dog learned to associate the sound with the presentation of the food.
John Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology.
Everything from speech to emotional responses was simply patterns of stimulus and response. Watson denied completely the existence of the mind or consciousness. Watson believed that all individual differences in behavior were due to different experiences of learning. He famously said:
Explanation:
DNA evidence and the fossil record indicate are the ancestors of the living cetaceans were land-dwelling mammals. DNA evidence allows to trace the evolutionary origin of taxonomic groups.
DNA evidence refers to the linear order of nucleotides, which can be used to trace the evolutionary origin of a particular taxonomic group.
When the linear order of DNA nucleotides is conserved, it is known as sequence homology.
Fossils are preserved remains of organisms that once lived on the Earth, which can also be used as evidence to trace the evolutionary origin of a given group.
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Starch cannot diffuse across the membrane because starch molecules are too large to fit through the pores in the dialysis tubing, whereas iodine is a smaller molecule and therefore can diffuse across.
