A rapid lateral flow immunoassay is presented that uses carboxyl-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles as labels that can be quantified by highly sensitive multi-channel electronic readers. The approach is generic in that it is likely to be applicable to numerous small molecules. The method permits both single- and multiplex assays at a point-of-need without sample pretreatment. It is user-friendly and offers attractive characteristics demonstrated here for detection of morphine, fentanyl and methamphetamine in . The competitive immunoassay uses commercially available reagents that do not require special permissions. After migration of sample, the lateral flow test strips are subjected to an alternating magnetic field at two frequencies. The response from the nanolabels is readout at a combinatorial frequency from the entire volume of a porous immunochromatographic membrane by the magnetic particle quantification technique.
application to the determination of drugs of abuse.
Estimating the detection time of a drug in urine is complex because of many different influencing factors and the lack of experimental data. Detection times vary depending on dose and route of administration, metabolism and characteristics of the screening and confirmation assays. Using a cut-off value of 1000 ng/mL, urinary samples can be positive for amphetamine for up to 5 days after intake of the drug.
Answer:
d. CT scans of the fossilized skulls of Hobbits suggest they were probably microcephalic modern Homo sapiens.
Explanation:
The work of Falk et al in 2007 compared the CT of microcephalic humans skulls and normal humans skulls, finding the variables that allow them to classified with 100% success. When compared with the skulls of the ‘Hobbits’ of Flores, the size is similar to the microcephalic skulls in humans but the shape features sort it with normal humans skulls. They concluded that the ‘Hobbits’ of Flores are a separate species.
Exosphere is in the top 600-800km exosphere has a very low amount of gases almost like in outer space.
Termosphere, 80-600km absorbs gamma rays uv rays and rays that damage our healt also know as ionosphere, is the hottest one.
Mesosphere, 50-80km, the temperature here reaches -140 Celsius shooting stars are formed here
Stratosphere, 12-50km produces the mayor part of the atmospheric ozone, some army planes reach this later
Troposphere, thats the source of the mayor part of the gases here in the atmosphere.
Please please if I was useful please mark this as brainlyest
In photosynthesis of plants, the light gives energy to
the electrons moving through the electron transport chain. This Light energy is then converted to chemical energy, which
produces ATP; an energy storage molecule and NADPH, a reduced electron carrier.
Moreover, <span>light energy is used to pump protons across a membrane to
produce a proton-motive force.</span>
