Question

Which of the following factors did Valéry argue were the causes of Europe’s intellectual crisis? Select all that apply.

Answer 1

The answers to this are; 1,3.

Answer 2

Answer:

The correct answers are A. The horrors of wartime and C. The awareness that civilization could die out.

Explanation:

In his famous essay "The Crisis of the Mind" (1919), Valery says that he had been sure of Europe's superiority until WWI broke out. Now, after having seen the horrors of war he thought that this civilization was fragile and could disappear like Babylon or Persepolis had done before. The lack of any fixed system of reference for living or thinking had left Europe as a civilization in anguish even after the war was over because there was still an economic and intellectual crisis.