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Eleanor Gibson was an American experimental psychologist
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Eleanor Gibson was an American experimental psychologist whose famous works includes her study of depth perception theory on how children perceive their environment.
Eleanor stumbled on the virtual cliff discovery in one of her experiment that involves raising rats in the dark on a virtual cliff made of a sheet of glass with patterned paper, an experiment initially meant to get more use out of dark-reared rats. The dark-reared having presumed to have lost perception in the dark, was expected to walk indiscriminately on the near and far sides of the cliff. However, to her surprise the dark-reared rats chose the near side, and consistently avoided the glass-covered drop-off portion of the cliff. This shows the dark-reared rats which have not had any previous experience about depth could perceive depth. Gibson later on tested this experience on other animals. She also tested it on human babies using the presence of the mother to initiate crawling. The babies were also found to perceive depth on the cliff without a prior knowledge or experience of such.
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The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War. The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.
Map from the French and Indian War
The French and Indian War resulted from ongoing frontier tensions in North America as both French and British imperial officials and colonists sought to extend each country’s sphere of influence in frontier regions. In North America, the war pitted France, French colonists, and their Native allies against Great Britain, the Anglo-American colonists, and the Iroquois Confederacy, which controlled most of upstate New York and parts of northern Pennsylvania. In 1753, prior to the outbreak of hostilities, Great Britain controlled the 13 colonies up to the Appalachian Mountains, but beyond lay New France, a very large, sparsely settled colony that stretched from Louisiana through the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes to Canada. (See Incidents Leading up to the French and Indian War and Albany Plan)
The border between French and British possessions was not well defined, and one disputed territory was the upper Ohio River valley. The French had constructed a number of forts in this region in an attempt to strengthen their claim on the territory. British colonial forces, led by Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, attempted to expel the French in 1754, but were outnumbered and defeated by the French. When news of Washington’s failure reached British Prime Minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, he called for a quick undeclared retaliatory strike. However, his adversaries in the Cabinet outmaneuvered him by making the plans public, thus alerting the French Government and escalating a distant frontier skirmish into a full-scale war.
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War is a development issue. War kills, and its consequences extend far beyond deaths in battle. Armed conflict often leads to forced migration, long-term refugee problems, and the destruction of infrastructure. Social, political, and economic institutions can be permanently damaged
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[federal] U.S. District Court .
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