Carbohydrates are made from the process of photosynthesis by green plants by use on energy from sunlight. They have various functions in the ecosystem by plants an animals. The two main function of carbohydrates are; carbohydrates as a source of energy for cellular activities. They are reserves and stored in form of starch in plants and inform of glycogen in animals. They also act as structural components in both plants and animals such as cellulose which is a components of plant cells.
Answer:
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection to explain the process of evolution. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, all organisms have the potential to reproduce limitlessly irrespective of the fact that each species maintain a constant density over time. However, the struggle for existence, i.e. the competition among individuals for available resources to survive and reproduce, put a check on species density (D) and maintains it at a constant level (B). Survival of fittest is unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce based on suitability of their inherited characters to prevailing environmental conditions (A). It imparts the reproductive advantage to certain organisms which account for major part of the gene pool of the species. Thus, natural selection favors the individual with survival and/or reproductive advantage over others under existing environmental condition (E). Thus, the correct answer is option C.
Answer:
The factors which remained constant are as follows -
- material used as the membrane
- amount of substances used
- number of trials
The factors which have shown variation are as follows -
- molecule size (large starch molecules vs. small glucose molecules)
- whether the molecules diffused through the membrane (tubing)
Explanation
Some factors with in the experiments remained constant from the point of starting of the experiment to its end. While some factors were varied to study its impact on the experiment rate of progression or on the final product formed. Thus , out of the following given factors, the ones that remained constant are -
- material used as the membrane
- amount of substances used
- number of trials
The factors which have shown variation are as follows -
- molecule size (large starch molecules vs. small glucose molecules)
- whether the molecules diffused through the membrane (tubing)
Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
