I believe it is both had restrictions on personal rights. Hope this helps.
Reform means the improvement or amendment of what is wrong or currupt.
Constantinople was surrounded on all sides by a defensive wall and was well supplied, making it resistant to sieges. The Ottomans were only able to capture the city due to one of the city gates being left slightly ajar, allowing them to quickly bypass the wall and overrun the defenders.
There are many ways for this to happen. The president can make bills. This isn't always effective as they can be rejected by congress. The president can also wage war. He has to be careful when doing this as it could backfire on him.