Answer:
They are called hydrogen bonds
The best choice would be C.
A saturated fatty acid is a basic unit of lipid that consists of only single carbon to carbon bonds.
Saturated fatty acids have been “saturated” with hydrogen ions and only have single carbon to carbon bonds, unlike unsaturated fatty acids that have both single and double bonds and have kinks and aren’t straight.
Saturated fatty acids are solid in room temperature(animal fats) and unsaturated fatty acids are liquid in room temperature(oils/plant fats).
Through experiments and studies
Crypts Feature is shared by all tonsils but is absent in other malt nodules. Anatomical structures called crypts are deep, narrow incisions into larger structures. The Crypts of Lieberkühn are a typical type of anatomical crypt.
It is not the only form of the tonsil, though; some tonsils also feature crypts. The deep regions of these tonsils are accessible to the outside world through these crypts, making them more susceptible to infection. An intestinal gland, also known as a Lieberkühn crypt or intestinal crypt, is a gland that can be found in the small and large intestines' intestinal epithelium between villi (or colon).
The epithelium that covers the glans and intestinal villi are made up of a variety of cells, including enterocytes (which absorb water and electrolytes), goblet cells (which secrete mucus), enteroendocrine cells (which secrete hormones), cup cells, tuft cells, and Paneth cells (which secrete antimicrobial peptides) and stem cells at the base of the gland.
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The amoxicillin and the ampicillin are known to degrade the cell wall. both of these antibiotics have β- lactam in their structure. The structure of the ampicillin and the amoxicillin is similar having a single difference at the 4th position of benzene ring. The structure of the amoxicillin have an addition OH or hydroxyl group at the 4th position in the benzene ring.
As the structure of ampicillin and amoxicillin is similar, the bacteria having ampicillin resistance can also show amoxicillin resistance.
MODE OF ACTION OF AMOXICILLIN:
The amoxicillin binds with the pencillin binding proteins, present in the bacterial cell wall. The binding of the amoxicillin inhibits the enzyme transpepetidase, which is an important enzyme for the synthesis of the cell wall. it also inhibit murine hydrolases and inhibit the assembling of cell wall.
The amoxicillin effects the cell walls of the bacteria, as the animals cells do not have cell wall, they only have a cell membrane, the increase in the dose would not effect the animal cell.
