<span>proton gradient</span> establishment
Chemiosmosis is the process that allows the diffusion of a
molecule or an atom through the membrane. Also, it is the movement of ions
across semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradients. In chloroplast,
chemiosmotic coupling is an important factor in ATP production through proton
gradient establishment.
Meiosis I is dedicated to forming two Haploid(half chromosome) cells bby separating each pair of chromosomes (one of each type in each cell) and the recombination, or shuffling of genes on each chromosome with its pair by crossing over, While Meiosis II is meant to split the individual chromatids in the haploid cells to create a total or 4 daughter cells
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The mutagens that result in cancer damage DNA by (b) weakening the DNA strand or interfering with base pairing. This mutagens are called carcinogens, if they cause a damage to <span>a gene that makes a </span>DNA<span> repair protein, it means that a cell will have less ability to repair itself, and ,as a result, this will lead to formation of cancer.</span>
In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living things for the first time. In secondary succession, an area that was previously occupied by living things is disturbed, then re-colonized following the disturbance.
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Answer:
Commensalism
Explanation:
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