Question

How did western pressures stimulate change in china during the 19th century to its end?

Answer 1

China was forced to import opium
China had to cede Hong Kong to the U.K.
It had to set import tariffs into China at the low 5 percent
Foreigners were given the right to live in China under their own laws
Foreigners received the right to buy land in China
China was opened to Christian missionaries
Western powers were permitted to patrol some of the interior waterways of China
China lost control of Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam
By the end of the 19th century, western nations plus Japan and Russia all had carved out spheres of influence within China, granting them special privileges to establish military bases, extract raw materials and build railroads
Ultimately, Western pressure enfeebled the Chinese state at precisely the time when China required a strong government to manage its entry into the modern world, and restrictions imposed by the unequal treaties also inhibited China's industrialization.