Heinrich Himmler implemented Hitler's Holocaust plan to uproot eastern Europeans and send German peasants to colonize their land. They were Nazis and Himmler was responsible for the Holocaust, and directed the mass killing of six million Jewish people, and many other ethnicities. He later committed suicide in the British custody.
The passage shows that Californian politics, and in particular, political advancement methods, were not wholly bound by law as they are now.
Governmental institutions and government control was weaker at that time, so it was difficult to enforce the law consistently. Because of it, people did not have a strong commitment to following legal paths for advancement. Revolutions and rebellions were more effective in seizing power than political campaigns, and there were few negative repercussions for those who chose that method.
Lincoln wanted to preserve the union.
Most likely B because they only take a few cases a year that is nationally debated
What war? I doubt we will be having another war. But if we do then we got to get ready for it.