<span>Bacteria and algae convert solar energy into organic energy. Consumers ingest live plants and prey.</span><span> D</span>ecomposers, such as mold and mushrooms, break down and use energy from organisms.<span> Fungi, like mushrooms, absorb nutrients from the organisms by secreting enzymes to break up the chemical compounds that make up dead plants and animals.
Energy transfers, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics is applicable in this circumstance greatly. </span>
A pathogen is a microorganism that is able to cause disease in a plant, animal or insect. Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease in a host organism. Microbes express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence, a term which refers to the degree of pathogenicity of the microbe. Hence, the determinants of virulence of a pathogen are any of its genetic or biochemical or structural features that enable it to produce disease in a host.
The relationship between a host and a pathogen is dynamic, since each modifies the activities and functions of the other. The outcome of such a relationship depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the relative degree of resistance or susceptibility of the host, due mainly to the effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms. Staphylococcus aureus, arguably the most prevalent pathogen of humans, may cause up to one third of all bacterial diseases ranging from boils and pimples to food poisoning, to septicemia and toxic shock. Electron micrograph from Visuals Unlimited, with permission.
The Underlying Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity
Two broad qualities of pathogenic bacteria underlie the means by which they cause disease:
1. Invasiveness is the ability to invade tissues. It encompasses mechanisms for colonization (adherence and initial multiplication), production of extracellular substances which facilitate invasion (invasins) and ability to bypass or overcome host defense mechanisms.
2. Toxigenesis is the ability to produce toxins. Bacteria may produce two types of toxins called exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth. Endotoxins are cell-associated substance. (In a classic sense, the term endotoxin refers to the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria). However, endotoxins may be released from growing bacterial cells and cells that are lysed as a result of effective host defense (e.g. lysozyme) or the activities of certain antibiotics (e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins). Hence, bacterial toxins, both soluble and cell-associated, may be transported by blood and lymph and cause cytotoxic effects at tissue sites remote from the original point of invasion or growth. Some bacterial toxins may also act at the site of colonization and play a role in invasion. Acid-fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis (TB). The bacteria are the small pink-staining rods. More than one-third of the world population is infected. The organism has caused more human deaths than any other bacterium in the history of mankind. Although its ability to produce disease is multifactorial, it is not completely understood. American Society of Microbiology, with permission.
<h2>Sewerage & water system</h2>
Explanation:
- The purpose of municipal water delivery systems is to move consumable water from a water treatment office to private purchasers, for use as drinking water, water for cooking, water for sterile conditions, and other water use in a household situation. Water supply additionally is basic for business furthermore, industry to work in a metropolitan domain.
- A civil water supply systems can't support its clients except if there is a ceaseless stockpile of water to meet household utilization needs in the broadest sense and water requirements for auxiliary fire assurance. Water sources should be chosen cautiously to ensure that this central necessity is met.
- Hence, the right answer is "a fair and accurate evaluation of sewerage & water system"
Answer:
The coastal ocean seems to be more productive than the waters of the similar height in the open ocean due to ample availability of water, sunlight, and nutrients. The coastal ocean has more nutrients due to the process of upwelling, that is, movement of water offshore by the currents.
Also, water situated on the continental shelves is comparatively shallower and thus it is turbulent. This mixing or turbulence keeps settling the nutrients stirred up and accessible, and eventually, ample of nutrients erode off the continents themselves and so water nearby to the shore seems to be greater in nutrients.
On the other hand, in the surface water away from the coastlines, usually, there is a lot of sunlight but no availability of adequate nutrients. Therefore, the majority of the ocean surface is not much productive.
Explanation:
Species A’s population will decrease due to limited space. <em>(I think. I'm sorry if I'm wrong.)</em>
