Orcas (or killer whales) are difficult to study because it is costly, and not only that orcas appear in remote loactions, so it is harder for scientists to find them and study them in the wild.
I would say the answer is pathos
Fake news often happens when someone is not satisfied with something and makes a lie for example, when one of our presidents was elected tones of false allegations popped up because some people wanted our president out.
At the end of Hamlet, both Hamlet and Guildenstern are dead. Hamlet has died in a fight with Laertes, when Claudius had put poison on Laertes' sword. Guildenstern died at Hamlet's hand. Claudius had written a letter instructing people to kill Hamlet, but Hamlet was able to rewrite it so that it was condemning Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to death instead of himself.
I'm going to say D on this one because depending on what grade the student is in this is probably something they would cover in elementary school classes. Mainly science.