Answer: A reasoning conducted or assessed according to the strict principles of validity. 
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
<span>Swift claims that landlords have consistently mistreated the impoverished and “already devoured most of the parents” who would serve as the country’s “breeders.”
In this choice, the author simply puts "claims..." and adds no extra bias.</span>
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Gilderoy falls under b. Survivors and sustainers.
Explanation:
According to the explanation, Gilderoy is not that young anymore. He doesn't seem to have accomplished much in life concerning formal education and material success. For those reasons, the category he falls under is letter b. survivors and sustainers. According to the VALS model, survivors are usually older people who feel life has passed them by. Survivors are concerned with security, and tend to maintain old habits. Sustainers are often, but not necessarily, younger people who are poor, who wish to get ahead but find it hard to.
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
It is D: to brainstorm by putting thoughts onto paper without regard for spelling or mechanics. the reason being is nobody but yourself is going to look at the free write.