Simple version:
First, the section with the desirable gene must be identified. Assuming that has already happened, the section of DNA must be excised from the original genome using restriction enzymes, which recognize certain DNA sequences and snip DNA at those sites. DNA ligase is used to "glue" these ends back together. The DNA is inserted into a plasmid (also with restriction enzymes), which would usually contain antibiotic-resistance genes (so they survive in an environment containing the antibiotic, which would also help show if the bacteria have been successfully transformed).
Then comes the actual transformation process. The bacteria to be transformed are mixed with calcium chloride (which causes the bacteria to be more receptive to the plasmids) and then mixed with the plasmids. The bacterial cells are subjected to a heat shock (the solution is heated and rapidly cooled, e.g. by placing the mixture in a hot water bath and quickly transferred to ice) so they will take up the plasmid (since the temperature change makes the membrane more permeable). The bacteria are placed on a growth medium containing the antibiotic they're resistant to. Only those successfully transformed would survive.
Answer:
I would say b
<em>I might be wrong but I hope i helped! ^^</em>
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The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact,digestion starts here as soon as you take the first bite of a meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use.
Hope This Helped! :3</span>
NON SPECIFIC
macrophages
skin
mucous
fever
SPECIFIC
antibodies
t cells
b cells
