The writings of Jean Bodin provides us with an early theorisation of the idea of sovereignty even though the examples he uses are quite extensive. Essential to Bodin's notion of sovereignty is that the power the sovereign holds must be absolute and permanent. If a ruler holds absolute power for the duration of his life he can be said to be sovereign. In contrast, an elected official or some other person that holds limited powers can not be described to be sovereign. Although at times Bodin suggests that the people are sovereign, his definition of sovereignty as absolute, unlimited and enduring power points purposively towards a positive association of sovereignty and a singular monarchical, or even tyrannical, power.
Another qualification that Bodin introduces into the definition of sovereignty as absolute and perpetual is one that will become increasingly important in subsequent theorisations, culminating in the work of Carl Schmitt. For Bodin, a sovereign prince is one who is exempt from obedience to the laws of his predecessors and more importantly, those issued by himself. Sovereignty rests in being above, beyond or excepted from the law. Although it occupies a subordinate place in Bodin's theorisation, it could be said that this exception from being subject to the law is the quintessential condition of sovereignty in so far as it is understood politically.
Although for Bodin sovereignty is characterised by absolute and perpetual power he goes on to make a series of important qualifications to this concept. These come from two principle concerns. The first is real politics - Bodin seems to be aware that absolute power could licence behaviour injurious to sovereign authority. Hence for example a sovereign cannot and should not confiscate property nor break contractual agreements made with other sovereigns, estates nor private persons. The second reason is Bodin's underlying theological notion of divine authority and natural law. A sovereign may put aside civil law, but he must not question natural law (in which it appears right of property is sanctioned). Saying this, it is ultimately from this divine authority that the earthly right of sovereign power is legitimated. The prince literary does god's bidding, and yet by virtue of this can do wrong. Hopefully this helps out some :)
Answer:
In 2019, China's population stands at 1.418 billion, the largest of any country in the world. According to the 2010 census, 91.51% of the population was Han Chinese, and 8.49% were minorities. China's population growth rate is only 0.59%, ranking 159th in the world.
Explanation:
the abbreviation AD is an abbreviated time period that stands for Anno Domini or In the Year of the Lord.
Answer:
Massive influx of influx of homesteaders, ranchers, and miners swelled
Explanation:
The West frontiers were initially opened in order to attract as many immigrants as possible to occupy the land that exist In United States.
By the end of the 18th century, the influx of homesteaders, ranchers, and miners far surpassed the amount of land and job opportunities that's available in the Western Frontier.
So, the government decided to close it before the regions became overpopulated and people forced to do crimes because they couldn't find sources of income.
Explanation:
1. Why begin this article with a quote from the Old Testament and one from John Locke?
2. Why use Clyde Ross, a resident of North Lawndale in particular, to illustrate much of this article?
3. Just considering housing as a topic, how does housing policy illustrate systematic racism?
4. "We invoke the words of Jefferson and Lincoln because they say something about our legacy and our traditions.
We do this because we recognize our links to the past - at least when they flatter us. But black history does not
flatter American democracy; it chastens it.... White supremacy is not merely the work of hotheaded
demagogues, or a matter of false consciousness, but a force so fundamental to America that it is difficult to
imagine the country without it." From Coates' evidence, explain this.
5. What would "paying reparations" to American blacks look like to Coates?
R8 Coates The Case for Reparations - The Atlantic cory.pdf
