A proper noun is just a specific noun and starts with a capital letter. Some suggestions: Honda Civic. McDonald's. (Your name). Texas. Grand Theft Auto. The Hunger Games. (Your teacher). Time Magazine. Red. Despicable Me. I hope this helps :)
The astronomical debris was pulled into an orbit around the star.
Being approachable, being confident and assertive & know what you wan t
Where the story takes place
The answer is the last one, D. All of the other transitions indicate that the writer will either go into further detail on the subject or list other reasons as to why this would be correct. However, D clearly uses a contrasting transition to introduce a new argument.